In the TensorFlow 2.0 Tutorial by Great Learning, Anirudh Rao discusses the importance and popularity of TensorFlow, an open-source deep learning library developed by Google Brain team in 2016. TensorFlow allows users to emulate neural networks using Python code and is widely used by major companies for artificial intelligence applications. The tutorial covers the installation process, mathematical concepts like tensors, scalars, and vectors, and the role of neurons and weights in neural networks.